PEDAGOGICAL APPROACHES IN INNOVATIVE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT

Assalamualaikum... ok this entry we will discus about pedagogical approaches in innovative learning environment.

first of all there are 3 theories that related with pedagogical and it quiet famous in educational world that is:

1. behaviorism - founded Ivav Pavlov, Watson, Thondike and Skinner
2. cognitivism - founded Ausubel, Piaget, Bruner and Kohler
3. constructivism - founded John Dewey

Behaviorism

ÒIdea that behavior is acquired through conditioning.

ÒMeasures behavior by a learners’ response to stimuli

ÒLearners’ response to stimuli can be reinforced using positive or negative feedback

ÒReinforcement, positive or negative increases the possibility of an event happening again.

ÒPunishment, both positive and negative, decreases the possibility of an event happening again.

>How Do Learners Learn

ÒStudents learn through experiences  and practices. 

ÒLearning is also modified with positive and negative reinforcement.

ÒStudents begin to give predicted responses to a stimulus 

Pros: 

–Can be applicable/helpful for therapy of children with behavioral disorders

Cons:

–Does not account for other ways of learning that do no involve positive/negative reinforcement

–People can change their behavior when presented with new information, even if they have previously established a different behavior through reinforcement

Cognitivism 

•          Learning occurs when we try to find meaning in a discussion.

•         Human beings have a cognitive structure and when someone learns they will compile all the information in memory.

•        According to Jean Piaget, our thinking process change completely started after birth until we reach maturity.

•        Each individual will always try to understand and adapt to the changes that occur in their environment.

•          Consider learning as an active process.

•         Teachers should encourage thinking among students insight to solve learning problem.

•         Guide students to use their perceptions to find how elements in the environment

•         Delivering a lesson step by step follows a sequence.   

•         Guide students to solve problems with questioning techniques. 

•         Teachers also need to teach new experience based on level of ability and experience. 

•         Provides complete educational materials to students and they can use to solve problems.

Factors affecting an individual's thinking process
 

•          Social experience 

         ~Cognitive development is also affected by the   

         interaction of the individual with those  of the 

         environment: parents, siblings,friends, teachers.

•          Individual interaction with the environment

          ~Individuals will interact with the environment to  

         understand the things that happen.

        ~They will explore, experiment, observe and compile  

         information.

•          Biological maturity 

          ~The thinking process is influenced by genetic factors.

•         Equilibrium

         ~The process of equilibrium is one of the means used by       individuals to adapt to new situations experienced

Constructivism

“The idea that students actively construct their knowledge from their personal experiences with others and the environment.” (Simpson, 2001)

“They are constructing their own knowledge by testing ideas and approaches based on their prior knowledge and experience, applying these to a new situation and integrating the new knowledge gained with pre-existing intellectual constructs.” (Brine, M., 1999)

 

Individual Constructivism

KNOWN AS cognitive constructivism or psychological constructivism.

DEFINITION: A type of constructivism that focuses how individuals construct knowledge in their minds.

TEACHER’S ROLE consist of providing instructional materials and supporting learning environment

Social Constructivism

 Emphasizes the role of social context in knowledge construction. 

DEFINITION: Learner share individual perspectives with others to construct understandings together              that would not be possible to construct individual.

TEACHER’S ROLE is to facilitate social interaction in order to promote students’ knowledge 

                     construction and skill development.

Social Constructivism in Classroom

•          Cooperative learning 

~A method which is a small group work together to make sense of new information or solve a new problem

•          Problem- Based learning

 ~A method in which students work in collaborative groups to solve a complex, ill-defined problem.

•          Tutoring and reciprocal teaching

 ~A method which students who mastered a topic help others who have no yet mastered it.

•          Classroom discussion

~ The teacher INNIATES a discussion by asking a question, one or more students RESPOND to the question, and the teacher EVALUATES students’ answer.”

•          Informal learning experiences

 ~Life log process that can take a variety of forms.

•          Community of learner

 ~Important to be sensitive to personal and developmental diversity in social learning situation.

            ~Some student will be shy / introverted, fell uncomfortable working in group.